Currently, there is uncertainty about emissions of pharmaceuticals into larger closed ecosystems that are at risk such as the Baltic Sea. There is an increasing need for selecting the right strategies on advanced wastewater treatment. This study analysed 35 pharmaceuticals and iodinated X-ray contrast media in effluents from 82 Wastewater Treatment Plants (WWTPs) across Denmark, Estonia, Finland, Germany, Latvia, Lithuania, Poland and Sweden. Measured concentrations from Finland and Denmark were compared to predicted effluent concentrations using different levels of refinement. The concentrations predicted by the Total Residue Approach, as proposed by the European Medicines Agency, correlated with R(2) of 0.18 and 0.031 to measured ones for Denmark and Finland, respectively and the predicted data were significantly higher than the measured ones. These correlations improved substantially to R(2) of 0.72 and 0.74 after adjusting for estimated human excretion rates and further to R(2) = 0.91 and 0.78 with the inclusion of removal rates in WWTPs. Temporal analysis of compound variations in a closely monitored WWTP showed minimal fluctuation over days and weeks for most compounds but revealed weekly shifts in iodinated X-ray contrast media due to emergency-only operations at X-ray clinics during weekends and an abrupt seasonal change for gabapentin. The findings underscore the limitations of current predictive models and findings (...) demonstrate how these methodologies can be refined by incorporating human pharmaceutical excretion/metabolization as well as removal in wastewater treatment plants to more accurately forecast pharmaceutical levels in aquatic environments.

Pathogen removal in managed aquifer recharge (MAR) systems is dependent upon numerous operational, physicochemical water quality, and biological parameters. Due to the site-specific conditions affecting these parameters, guidelines for specifying pathogen removal have historically taken rather precautionary and conservative approaches in order to protect groundwater quality and public health. A literature review of regulated pathogens in MAR applications was conducted and compared to up-and-coming indicators and surrogates for pathogen assessment, all of which can be gathered into a toolbox from which regulators and operators alike can select appropriate pathogens for monitoring and optimization of MAR practices. Combined with improved knowledge of pathogen fate and transport obtained through lab- and pilot-scale studies and supported by modeling, this foundation can be used to select appropriate, site-specific pathogens for regarding a more efficient pathogen retention, ultimately protecting public health and reducing costs. This paper outlines a new 10 step-wise workflow for moving towards determining robust removal credits for pathogens based on risk management principles. This approach is tailored to local conditions while reducing overly conservative regulatory restrictions or insufficient safety contingencies. The workflow is intended to help enable the full potential of MAR as more planned water reuse systems are implemented in the coming years.

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/36931188

Die Simulationsergebnisse mit SIMBA# zeigten, dass mit den neu entwickelten ammoniumbasierten Regelungen und dem Air-Cycling-Konzept für MBR die Belüftung bzw. den Energieverbrauch deutlich reduziert werden konnte.An der Pilotanlage wurde demonstriert, dass mit den optimierten MSR-Konzepten stabile Ablaufwerte von CSB und Stickstoff erzielt werden können, welche mit großen Energieeinsparungen verbunden sind. Getestet wurden die ammoniumbasierten Regelungen und das Air-Cycling. Aber auch angepasste alternative MSR-Konzepte zur Optimierung der Schlammrezirkulation auf Basis der Nitratkonzentration im Ablauf und der Redoxpotential-basierten Regelung für die Belüftung der Nitrifikation wurden optimiert und getestet. Auch hier konnten sehr gute Ablaufergebnisse erzielt werden in Verbindung mit Energieeinsparungen. Allerdings wurde auch festgestellt, dass die verwendete ionenselektive Elektrode für die kontinuierliche Messung von Ammonium im Ablauf im niedrigen Messbereich (1-2 mg/L NH4-N) keine zuverlässigen Daten für eine Steuerung liefern kann.Im Rahmen des Projektes wurde auch ein neues Vorhersagemodell für Membranfouling entwickelt, um das Fouling 7 bis 14 Tage im Voraus zuverlässig vorherzusagen. Das Modell wurde dabei sowohl mit den historischen Betriebsdaten validiert und auch in der Praxis an der Pilotanlage getestet und bestätigt. Zusätzlich wurde ein Entscheidungsunterstützungs-system erarbeitet, welche die Fehlersuche und Wartung deutlich erleichtert.

This report covers the results of the Clear Waters from Pharmaceuticals 2 (CWPharma 21) project continuing the work of the original CWPharma2 project which concluded in December 2020. Both projects were funded by the EU’s Interreg Baltic Sea Region Programme. CWPharma evaluated occurrence and routes of active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs) in the water cycle and provided recommendations on technical and non-technical measures to reduce API loads entering the Baltic Sea. Recommendations for technical measures were published in the CWPharma ‘Guidelines for advanced API removal processes’ (Stapf et al., 2020), which also includes a modular approach to their successful implementation. The individual modules are: 1) WWTP fitness check, 2) feasibility study, 3) detailed planning, and 4) optimization of existing systems.

Within CWPharma 2, project partners from Denmark, Estonia, Finland, Germany, Latvia, and Poland continued the work of reducing API loads from the aforementioned countries into the Baltic Sea. The focus was to help wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) operators interested in reducing their API discharges to practically implement the four different modules of the guideline. This report summarizes the results of the first module ‘WWTP fitness check’ that have been carried out for about 80 WWTPs from eight Baltic Sea countries and aggregates the anonymized data from the WWTPs to present an overview of general as well as country-specific results, trends and considerations.