habibi (2020): Projekt REEF 2W – energetische Potenziale ausschöpfen.

wwt Wasserwirtschaft Wassertechnik: 40-41

Abstract

Die energetischen Potenziale in kommunalen Kläranlagen werden nur unzureichend ausgeschöpft und bleiben in Klimaschutzmaßnahmen häufig unberücksichtigt. Kläranlagen gehören jedoch zu den größten kommunalen Stromverbrauchern und haben dadurch einen signifikanten CO2-Fußabdruck. Im Vorhaben REEF 2W, das von der EU im Rahmen des Programms INTERREG 2 gefördert wird, wird mit Blick auf öffentliche Infrastrukturen von Städten und Gemeinden ein Entscheidungstool zur strategischen Planung entwickelt. In diesem Tool können neue Technologien in die bestehende Anlagensituation integriert werden, um eine höhere Energieeffizienz und eine Verbesserung der Nutzung von nachwachsenden Rohstoffen zu erzielen. Dies soll durch Kombination und Integration der Sektoren Abfall- und Abwasserbehandlung erreicht werden. Das Projekt untersucht im Rahmen der Toolentwicklung die Ressourcenströme und notwendigen technischen Infrastrukturen. Ein Kernstück bildet dabei die Co-Fermentation von Klärschlamm und Bioabfall während deFaulungsprozesses, wodurch sich die Wärme- und Energieerträge (Strom oder Gas) beträchtlich steigern lassen können. Daneben werden neue Wege zur Nutzung des anfallenden Faulgases aufgezeigt, z. B. Gasaufbereitung und Einspeisung ins Gasnetz sowie Power-to-Gas Technologie. Ziel des Excel-basierten Entscheidungstools ist es letztlich, verschiedene innovative Technologiekombinationen energetisch, wirtschaftlich und ökologisch mit dem aktuellen Status zu vergleichen.

Abstract

Cities worldwide are facing several challenges connected to urbanization and climate change. Several cities have identified the implementation of nature-based solutions (NBS) as an option to mitigate several challenges at once. However, can two different aims be reached with NBS in the same location? This question has not yet been addressed. This paper discusses the spatial compatibility of NBS implementation strategies to tackle (1) urban heat island (UHI) effects and (2) water pollution at the same location. The evaluation is based on a spatial analysis of Berlin. We found a positive correlation of high UHI and median high stormwater pollution loads for zinc, total suspended solids, Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons and Terbutryn. Out of more than 14,000 building/street sections analyzed, 2270 showed spatial matching of high UHI and high stormwater pollution loads. In the majority of building/street sections, stormwater pollution was high for three out of the four parameters. We conclude that the compatibility of NBS implementation for both challenges depends both on the implementation strategies for NBS and on the specific NBS measures. Our spatial analysis can be used for further planning processes for NBS implementation.

Abstract

Wie können unsere Kommunen die Möglichkeiten, die Regenwasserbewirtschaftung und neuartige Wasserinfrastrukturen als auch blau-grüne Infrastrukturen bieten, gut in ihre Planungsprozesse integrieren? Wie können die Leistungen der einzelnen Maßnahmen schnell, einfach und gut im Rahmen von Planungsworkshops mit Fachakteuren und Laien kommuniziert und genutzt werden? Hierzu wurden im Forschungsprojekt netWORKS 4 sogenannte Infokarten zu 20 Infrastrukturbausteinen als partizipatives Planungstool entwickelt und in verschiedenen Workshops erprobt. Sie sind nun als frei verfügbares Tool kostenlos zugänglich.

Abstract

Probabilistic quantitative microbial risk assessment (QMRA) studies define model inputs as random variables and use Monte-Carlo simulation to generate distributions of potential risk outcomes. If local information on important QMRA model inputs is missing, it is widely accepted to justify assumptions about these model inputs by using external literature information. A question, which remains unexplored, is the extent to which previously published external information should influence local estimates in cases of nonexistent, scarce, and moderate local data. This question can be addressed by employing Bayesian hierarchical modeling (BHM). Thus, we study the effects and potential benefits of BHM on risk and performance target calculations at three wastewater treatment plants (WWTP) in comparison to alternative statistical modeling approaches (separate modeling, no-pooling, complete pooling). The treated wastewater from the WWTPs is used for restricted irrigation, potable reuse, or influences recreational waters, respectively. We quantify the extent to which external data affects local risk estimations in each case depending on the statistical modeling approach applied. Modeling approaches are compared by calculating the pointwise expected log-predictive density for each model. As reference pathogens and example data, we use locally collected Norovirus genogroup II data with varying sample sizes (n = 4, n = 7, n = 27), and complement local information with external information from 44 other WWTPs (n = 307). Results indicate that BHM shows the highest predictive accuracy and improves estimates by reducing parameter uncertainty when data are scarce. In such situations, it may affect risk and performance target calculations by orders of magnitude in comparison to using local data alone. Furthermore, it allows making generalizable inferences about new WWTPs, while providing the necessary flexibility to adjust for different levels of information contained in the local data. Applying this flexible technique more widely may contribute to improving methods and the evidence base for decision-making in future QMRA studies.

Abstract

Sustainable urban drainage systems (SUDS) can significantly reduce runoff from urban areas. However, their potential to mitigate acute river impacts of combined sewer overflows (CSO) is largely unknown. To close this gap, a novel coupled model approach was deployed that simulates the effect of realistic SUDS strategies, developed for an established city quarter, on acute oxygen depressions in the receiving river. Results show that for an average rainfall year the SUDS strategies reduce total runoff by 28% - 39% and peak runoff by 31% - 48%. Resulting relative reduction in total CSO volume ranges from 45% - 58%, exceeding annual runoff reduction from SUDS by a factor of 1.5. Negative impacts in the form of fish-critical dissolved oxygen (DO) conditions in the receiving river (<2 mg DO/L) can be completely prevented with the SUDS strategies for an average rainfall year. The realistic SUDS strategies were compared with a simpler simulation approach which consists in globally downscaling runoff from all impervious areas. It indicates that such a simple approach does not completely account for the positive effect of SUDS, underestimating CSO volumes for specific rain events by up to 13%. Accordingly, global downscaling is only recommended for preliminary planning purposes.

Abstract

Appropriate collection and disposal of medicine-related waste has been identified as one of the main ways to decrease the emission of active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs) into the environment. Improvement to the take-back and treatment of collected pharmaceutical waste may be considered lowhanging fruit when one is considering measures to reduce API emissions. However, comparable information that would enable estimating the potential impact of these efforts has not been available. Directive 2004/27/EC, related to medicinal products for human use, mandates that EU member states implement appropriate collection schemes for unused or expired human-use medicinal products. However, it does not provide any guidelines on practical implementation of these schemes. Several studies have pointed out significant differences among Member States in this regard. In March 2019, the European Commission published the European Union Strategic Approach to Pharmaceuticals in the Environment. The actions specified therein cover all stages of the pharmaceutical life cycle, from design and production to disposal and waste management. It emphasizes such elements as sharing good practices, co-operating at international level, and improving understanding of the risks. This report is aimed at filling knowledge gaps and proposing good practices for take-back and disposal of unused human and veterinary medicines and other pharmaceutical waste. The report is targeted to e.g. ministries, environment and medicines agencies, supervisory authorities, municipalities, hospitals, NGOs, pharmacists, doctors, and veterinarians. For the report, current national practices for take-back and disposal of unused medicines and other pharmaceutical waste in Denmark, Estonia, Finland, Germany, Latvia, Lithuania, Poland, Russia, and Sweden were evaluated. The pharmaceutical waste originating from households, hospitals and other health care institutions, the pharmaceutical industry, and veterinary use was considered. The proportion of citizens who return unused pharmaceuticals via designated collection points varies greatly between Baltic Sea countries, from about 10% to 70%, with 16–80% disposing of them of as mixed household waste and 3–30% flushing them down the drain. The most commonly cited reason for improper disposal of medicines on households’ part is lack of information about their environmental impacts and how to get rid of them in an environmentally sound manner. Separate collection of unused household pharmaceuticals does not exist in Russia, and the collection mechanism functions poorly in Latvia, Lithuania and Poland. Information on the take-back schemes for unused human medicines is more readily available than is corresponding information on veterinary medicines. We identified, all told, 21 good practices and recommendations for take-back and disposal of unused pharmaceuticals and other pharmaceutical waste and for promoting the rational use of pharmaceuticals in the Baltic Sea region. Nevertheless, implementing them at national level requires particular consideration due to differences in national legislation and other characteristics of the EU Baltic Sea countries and Russia. The good practices identified in this report answer the call issued in the EU strategic approach for an efficient risk-reduction strategy.

Abstract

The overall aim of the CWPharma project is to reduce the load of active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs) going into the aquatic environment and especially the Baltic Sea. Municipal wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) are relevant point sources of APIs, as they treat the wastewater from public households, hospitals and industry of the connected catchment area. However, conventional "state-of-the-art" WWTPs can only remove some APIs, which are either easily biodegradable and/or absorbable to activated sludge, whereas other APIs can pass the WWTP with minor to no reduction. Therefore, reduction of a broad range of APIs can only be achieved by using targeted advanced treatment techniques such as ozonation or powdered and granular activated carbon, respectively, which have already been applied on full-scale for API removal in wastewater treatment in Germany and Switzerland and proven their practical and economical suitability. At the usual applied ozone doses, ozonation of secondary effluent does not mineralize (convert an organic substance into inorganic matter) but transforms organic compounds into smaller and (usually) more biodegradable compounds. Secondary effluent is a complex water matrix consisting of hundreds of different organic substances, and it is not feasible to determine all possible transformation products and oxidation by-products, which might be created by the ozonation process. Thus, utilities and water authorities sometimes struggle with the uncertainties of the ozonation process as they perceive difficulties to judge whether oxidation of the organic matrix is beneficial or if it is creating more problems. As chemical analysis of the water only provides quantitative data for known APIs and transformation products for which chemical standards are available, effect-based ecotoxicological test systems can be used to assess the integrated actual toxicity of the whole water matrix. Based on previous research compiled by Völker et al. (2019), ozonation has a positive impact on several toxicological endpoints. But there are also indications that ozonation can create negative effects for a few toxicological endpoints that can be reduced by a suitable post-treatment. However, only little knowledge is available regarding suitable post-treatments and which ecotoxicological test systems are appropriate to evaluate their impact. In addition, post-treatment options might also have beneficial impacts on water quality parameters, APIs and transformation products. Thus, this report will evaluate different aspects regarding the impact of ozonation and its posttreatment options on (i) water quality parameters, (ii) APIs and transformation products (TPs) and (iii) ecotoxicological effects. The evaluation was conducted at three WWTPs in Linköping (SE), Kalundborg (DK) and Berlin (DE) and different post-treatment options such as moving bed bioreactors (MBBR), deep-bed filters, and a constructed wetland.

Abstract

Der Einfluss organischer Spurenstoffe (z.B. Arzneimittel, Hormone, Kosmetikprodukte und Pestizide) in Oberflächengewässer sorgt für eine starke Belastung der Gewässerqualität und deren Lebewesen. Ebenso werden Spurenstoffe in der Trinkwasseraufbereitung gefunden. Kläranlagen sind der Haupteintragspfad der organischen Spurenstoffe in die Oberflächengewässer. Die Elimination von Spurenstoffen kann durch Adsorption an Pulveraktivkohle (PAK) oder granulierter Aktivkohle (GAK) erfolgen. Das andere Verfahren ist die Ozonung, bei der Ozon (O3) mit der Organik reagiert und die Spurenstoffe eliminiert oder reduziert. Die Spurenstoffelimination kann online nicht gemessen werden. Weil sich die Spurenstoffe in der organischen Wassermatrix befinden, bedient man sich an Ersatzparametern (Surrogatparameter), welche diese messen. Ein bewährter Surrogatparameter ist der spektrale Absorptionskoeffizient bei 254nm (SAK254). Eine andere Onlineüberwachung ist die Messung der Fluoreszenz der organischen Wassermatrix. Es wurde gezeigt, dass es eine Korrelation zwischen UV und der Fluoreszenz in Bezug auf die Spurenstoffelimination gibt. In dieser Arbeit wird die Praxistauglichkeit der Fluoreszenzmessung untersucht und mit der bewährten UV-Messung verglichen. Die praktische Durchführung dieser Arbeit wurde an einer Ozon-Pilotanlage in der Kläranlage Schönerlinde durchgeführt. Für die SAK254-Messung werden I::SCAN- Sonden der Firma S::SCAN genutzt. Diese nutzen eine photometrische Einzelwellenlängenmessung bei 254nm. Die genutzte Fluoreszenzsonde ist die YSI-EXO2 der Firma Xylem. Sie misst die Fluoreszenz über einen fDOM-Sensor (fDOM = fluorescent Dissolved Organic Matter). Die Extinktion dieser Sonde beträgt 365 ± 5 nm und die Emission erfolgt bei 480 ± 40 nm. Für den praktischen Vergleich zwischen SAK254 und fDOM dienen Onlinedaten die in einem Zeitraum von einem Jahr aufgenommen wurden. Die Onlinedaten wurden unter verschiedenen Randbedingungen, gleichbleibende Wasserqualität-variierender Ozoneintrag und variierende Wasserqualitätkonstanter Ozoneintrag, verglichen und ausgewertet. Es konnte gezeigt werden, dass die Fluoreszenzsonde alle Werte unter den Randbedingungen analog zur SAK254-Sonde abbilden konnte. Die gebildete relative Abnahme delta fDOM war nahezu gleich des delta SAK254. Dies bestätigte die Korrelation von Fluoreszenz und UV auch im praktischen Betrieb. Zudem wurden die Auswirkungen des Foulings auf die Fluoreszenzsonde betrachtet. Fouling sind organische und mineralische Ablagerungen auf den Sensoroberflächen. Das Fouling wurde bei den SAK254-Sonden und der Fluoreszenzsonde festgestellt. Bei der SAK254-Sonde hat das Fouling Einfluss auf die Zu- und Ablaufwerte. Dadurch ändert sich die gebildete Abnahme und es kommt zu Überdosierungen. Auch bei der Fluoreszenzsonde sind Veränderungen der Zuund Ablaufdaten zu erkennen. Dennoch wird die gebildete Abnahme von fDOM durch das Fouling nicht beeinflusst und es kommt nicht zu Überdosierungen. In allen Abschnitten wurde die Elimination der Spurenstoff Benzotriazol, Diclofenac, Metoprolol und Iopromid gegenüber delta SAK254 und delta fDOM gestellt. In allen Auswertungspunkten war die Elimination über die Fluoreszenz tendenziell höher als die der UV-Messung. Weil die Spurenstoffabnahme mit der spezifischen Ozondosis (EDOC,korr) korreliert und diese konstant ist, kann die minimale höhere Elimination nur mit der „Unschärfe“ der Korrelation zwischen SAK254 und fDOM begründet werden. Anhand der Ergebnisse dieser Arbeit konnte die Korrelation zwischen Fluoreszenz und UV im praktischen Betrieb bestätigt werden. Die Fluoreszenz könnte als Monitoring-Parameter genutzt werden. Auch zur Regelung könnte die Fluoreszenz eine Alternative sein. Dennoch besteht dort noch Forschungsbedarf, weil der Surrogatparameter fDOM in diesem Forschungsprojekt nicht als Regelparameter eingesetzt wurde.

Abstract

As part of their communication activities, multi-actor approach projects are required to produce short “practice abstracts” (PAs) which outline their plans and main findings. The information should be easy understandable and provided throughout the project’s life-cycle. This information must therefore be shared in a specific format (the “EIP Common format”) which is specially made so that project info and results can be shared with those who can apply the findings. The format includes: a short and understandable title, a succinct summary of the issue tackled and the main outcomes and recommendations produced, and contact details to find further information. The content of the submitted practice abstracts can be updated at any moment according to new findings.

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